金融类英语文章

1. 金融类英语文章

经济学人：加拿大的住宅市场
Finance and Economics; 财经；
Canada's housing market; 加拿大的住宅市场；
Time for a bigger needle; 该出手时就出手；
The latest attempt to prick a bubble;戳破泡沫的最新举措；
经济学人：
Canada's reputation for financial regulation is starry. Its banksgot through the crisis unscathed. According to Moody's, a ratings agency, Royal Bank of Canadasits alongside HSBC and JPMorgan Chase in the top tier of global banks. And Canadianpolicymakers are old hands at pulling “macroprudential” levers of the sort now in vogue amongrich-world central banks.
加拿大的金融监管一向广受赞誉。它的银行业在这场危机中做到了独善其身。根据评级机构穆迪的报告，加拿大皇家银行与汇丰银行以及摩根大通同列，跻身全球银行界的第一梯队。同时，加拿大的政策制定者也是运用宏观审慎政策的老手，这一政策如今也常被其他富国的央行使用。
But questions still nag. Some say that Canada's banks are flattered by a huge indemnity offeredby Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp (CMHC), a public institution that insures mortgages witha loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%. CHMC's book grew to 567 billion Canadian Dollar(557 billion Dollar) in 2011, up from 345 billion Canadian Dollar four years earlier. And Canada'shousing market looks very frothy on some measures: The Economist's analysis of price-to-rentratios suggests that Canadian properties were about 75% above their long-run “fair value” in thefirst quarter of 2012 (see chart). Although less than 0.5% of CHMC's mortgages are in arrears, such exuberance is a worry. The central bank recently labelled housing as “the most importantdomestic risk to financial stability in Canada”.
但是，仍有问题缠身。部分人士认为，加拿大的银行被加拿大抵押和住房公司（CMHC）提供的巨额补偿金美化了，CMHC是一家为贷款估值比率超过80%的抵押贷款提供保险的公共机构。在2011年，CHMC的抵押贷款额从四年前的3450亿增长到了5670亿加元（合5570亿美元）。并且，从一些指标来看，加拿大的房地产充斥着泡沫：《经济学人》以房价租金比所做的分析显示，在2012年第一季度，加拿大的物业价格高出它们的长期公允价值75%。纵然仅有低于0.5%的CHMC抵押贷款存在拖欠的情况，但这样的繁荣仍让人忧虑。最近，央行也冠以楼市 “危及加拿大金融稳定性的最大国内隐患”。
Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the heat out of housing have not had a noticeableeffect. So on June 21st Jim Flaherty, the finance minister, had another go, his fourth in fouryears. Some of the new measures were cosmetic. Buyers of homes worth more than 1m Dollarhave been able to get mortgage-default insurance from CMHC with a downpayment of only 5%. In practice, it is hard to find buyers in this bracket who do not have lots of equity in their homes. But after July 9th mortgages for homes of this value will not be eligible for CMHC coverage.
政策制定者们给楼市降温的不断尝试并无明显成效。于是，在6月21日，加拿大财长吉姆·费拉逖，在四年来第四次出台了一些新举措。新措施中的一些不过是表面功夫。价值过百万美元住宅的买主能得到由CMHC担保的债务违约保险以及首付仅付5%的优惠待遇。而事实上，很少有这类购房者在购房时不以大量自有资金支付价款的。不过，在6月9日之后，这类住宅将不再适用于CMHC的保险范围。
Other measures have more teeth. The maximum amortisation period for a mortgage will now be25 years, down from 30. That should hurt demand: last year about 40% of new mortgages werefor terms longer than that. Refinancing a home will be allowed only up to 80% of its value, downfrom 85%. Homebuyers will have to demonstrate their housing costs are no more than 39% oftheir gross household income. On top of Mr Flaherty's measures, the Office of theSuperintendent of Financial Institutions, Canada's banking regulator, slapped a loan-to-value limitof 65% on borrowing against home equity.
其他那些则更为有力。抵押贷款最长还贷期限如今将从30年降低至25年。这势必将减少需求：去年约有40%的新贷款的期限是超过25年的。允许的房屋再融资的上限从房屋价值的85%降至只有80%。购房者还须证明他们的住房支出不超过家庭总收入的39%。费拉逖的举措中，紧随其后的是，加拿大的银行监管部门，联邦金融机构监督办公室，将贷款和自有资金间的贷款估值比率的限制猛降至65%。
Craig Alexander, the chief economist for TD Financial Group, estimates all this will be theequivalent of about a 1% rise in mortgage rates for most homebuyers. He believes that willproduce a slow unwinding of the housing market. If he is right, and Mr Flaherty's variousinterventions avoid the collateral damage that would be caused by an actual interest-rate rise, Canada's admirers will have another thing to swoon over.
多伦多道明银行金融集团首席经济学家，克雷格·亚历山大估计，所有这些措施对于购房者而言将等同于抵押贷款利率上升1%。他认为这将促使房产市场缓慢回归。如果他的观点正确，并且费拉逖的各种干预手段能够避免可能引发实际利率上升的附带伤害，那么如此一来，加拿大的崇拜者们又将有一个可以津津乐道的话题了。

2. 关于金融的英语文章

经济学人：加拿大的住宅市场
Finance and Economics; 财经；
Canada's housing market; 加拿大的住宅市场；
Time for a bigger needle; 该出手时就出手；
The latest attempt to prick a bubble;戳破泡沫的最新举措；
经济学人：
Canada's reputation for financial regulation is starry. Its banksgot through the crisis unscathed. According to Moody's, a ratings agency, Royal Bank of Canadasits alongside HSBC and JPMorgan Chase in the top tier of global banks. And Canadianpolicymakers are old hands at pulling “macroprudential” levers of the sort now in vogue amongrich-world central banks.
加拿大的金融监管一向广受赞誉。它的银行业在这场危机中做到了独善其身。根据评级机构穆迪的报告，加拿大皇家银行与汇丰银行以及摩根大通同列，跻身全球银行界的第一梯队。同时，加拿大的政策制定者也是运用宏观审慎政策的老手，这一政策如今也常被其他富国的央行使用。
But questions still nag. Some say that Canada's banks are flattered by a huge indemnity offeredby Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp (CMHC), a public institution that insures mortgages witha loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%. CHMC's book grew to 567 billion Canadian Dollar(557 billion Dollar) in 2011, up from 345 billion Canadian Dollar four years earlier. And Canada'shousing market looks very frothy on some measures: The Economist's analysis of price-to-rentratios suggests that Canadian properties were about 75% above their long-run “fair value” in thefirst quarter of 2012 (see chart). Although less than 0.5% of CHMC's mortgages are in arrears, such exuberance is a worry. The central bank recently labelled housing as “the most importantdomestic risk to financial stability in Canada”.
但是，仍有问题缠身。部分人士认为，加拿大的银行被加拿大抵押和住房公司（CMHC）提供的巨额补偿金美化了，CMHC是一家为贷款估值比率超过80%的抵押贷款提供保险的公共机构。在2011年，CHMC的抵押贷款额从四年前的3450亿增长到了5670亿加元（合5570亿美元）。并且，从一些指标来看，加拿大的房地产充斥着泡沫：《经济学人》以房价租金比所做的分析显示，在2012年第一季度，加拿大的物业价格高出它们的长期公允价值75%。纵然仅有低于0.5%的CHMC抵押贷款存在拖欠的情况，但这样的繁荣仍让人忧虑。最近，央行也冠以楼市 “危及加拿大金融稳定性的最大国内隐患”。
Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the heat out of housing have not had a noticeableeffect. So on June 21st Jim Flaherty, the finance minister, had another go, his fourth in fouryears. Some of the new measures were cosmetic. Buyers of homes worth more than 1m Dollarhave been able to get mortgage-default insurance from CMHC with a downpayment of only 5%. In practice, it is hard to find buyers in this bracket who do not have lots of equity in their homes. But after July 9th mortgages for homes of this value will not be eligible for CMHC coverage.
政策制定者们给楼市降温的不断尝试并无明显成效。于是，在6月21日，加拿大财长吉姆·费拉逖，在四年来第四次出台了一些新举措。新措施中的一些不过是表面功夫。价值过百万美元住宅的买主能得到由CMHC担保的债务违约保险以及首付仅付5%的优惠待遇。而事实上，很少有这类购房者在购房时不以大量自有资金支付价款的。不过，在6月9日之后，这类住宅将不再适用于CMHC的保险范围。
Other measures have more teeth. The maximum amortisation period for a mortgage will now be25 years, down from 30. That should hurt demand: last year about 40% of new mortgages werefor terms longer than that. Refinancing a home will be allowed only up to 80% of its value, downfrom 85%. Homebuyers will have to demonstrate their housing costs are no more than 39% oftheir gross household income. On top of Mr Flaherty's measures, the Office of theSuperintendent of Financial Institutions, Canada's banking regulator, slapped a loan-to-value limitof 65% on borrowing against home equity.
其他那些则更为有力。抵押贷款最长还贷期限如今将从30年降低至25年。这势必将减少需求：去年约有40%的新贷款的期限是超过25年的。允许的房屋再融资的上限从房屋价值的85%降至只有80%。购房者还须证明他们的住房支出不超过家庭总收入的39%。费拉逖的举措中，紧随其后的是，加拿大的银行监管部门，联邦金融机构监督办公室，将贷款和自有资金间的贷款估值比率的限制猛降至65%。
Craig Alexander, the chief economist for TD Financial Group, estimates all this will be theequivalent of about a 1% rise in mortgage rates for most homebuyers. He believes that willproduce a slow unwinding of the housing market. If he is right, and Mr Flaherty's variousinterventions avoid the collateral damage that would be caused by an actual interest-rate rise, Canada's admirers will have another thing to swoon over.
多伦多道明银行金融集团首席经济学家，克雷格·亚历山大估计，所有这些措施对于购房者而言将等同于抵押贷款利率上升1%。他认为这将促使房产市场缓慢回归。如果他的观点正确，并且费拉逖的各种干预手段能够避免可能引发实际利率上升的附带伤害，那么如此一来，加拿大的崇拜者们又将有一个可以津津乐道的话题了。

3. 翻译金融相关的英文

这个不是金融的问题。
其实是数学的统计问题。
bootstrap method....自助法。
自举法是在1个容量为n的原始样本中重复抽取一系列容量也是n的随机样本，并保证每次抽样中每一样本观察值被抽取的概率都是1/n(复置抽样)。这种方法可用来检查样本统计数θ的基本性质，估计θ的标准误和确定一定置信系数下θ的置信区间。
      自助法(Bootstrap Method)是Efron(1979)於Annals of Statistics所发表的一个办法，是近代统计发展上极重要的一个里程碑，而在执行上常需借助於现代快速的电脑。 
      举例来说，当用样本平均来估算母群体期望值时，为对此一估算的误差有所了解，我们常用信赖区间(confidence interval)的办法来做推估，此时得对样本平均的sampling distribution有所了解。在基本统计教本上，当样本所来自的母群体，可用常态分配描述时，其sampling distribution可或为常态分配或为t分配。但当样本所来自的母群体，不宜用常态分配描述时，我们或用电脑模拟或用渐进分析的办法加以克服。当对母群体的了解不够深时，渐进分析的办法是较有效的方法，故中央极限定理(Central Limit Theorem)，Edgeworth Expansion (small sample theory)等办法及其可行性及限制等於文献中广被 探讨，人们虽不全然喜欢这些办法，但也找不出更理性的方法来取代渐进分析的办法。而自助法确是一个相当具说服力的方法，更提供了统计工作者另一个寻找sampling distribution 的办法，故在近年来於文献中广被探讨。

wild bootstrap是bootstrap其中一种。
我不是统计专业的。不是很懂。。
这里有段英文原文:
Wild bootstrap

Each residual is randomly multiplied by a random variable with mean 0 and variance 1. This method assumes that the 'true' residual distribution is symmetric and can offer advantages over simple residual sampling for smaller sample sizes.

simulation--模拟。

4. 常用金融词汇中英对照

    　　我为大家整理了常用金融词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!
        　　常用金融词汇中英对照： 
       　　acquiring company 收购公司
       　　bad loan 呆帐
       　　chart of cash flow 现金流量表
       　　clearly-established ownership 产权清晰
       　　debt to equity 债转股
       　　diversity of equities 股权多元化
       　　economy of scale 规模经济
       　　emerging economies 新兴经济
       　　exchange-rate regime 汇率机制
       　　fund and financing 筹资融资
       　　global financial architecture 全球金融体系
       　　global integration, globality 全球一体化，全球化
       　　go public 上市
         
       　　growth spurt (经济的)急剧增长
       　　have one's "two commas" 百万富翁
       　　hedge against 套期保值
       　　housing mortgage 住房按揭
       　　holdings 控股，所持股份
       　　holding company 控股公司
       　　initial offerings 原始股
       　　initial public offerings 首次公募
       　　innovative business 创新企业
       　　intellectual capital 智力资本
       　　inter-bank lending 拆借
       　　internet customer 网上客户
       　　investment payoff period 投资回收期
       　　joint-stock 参股
       　　mall rat 爱逛商店的年轻人
       　　means of production 生产要素
       　　(the)medical cost social pool for major diseases
       　　大病医疗费用社会统筹
       　　mergers and acquisitions 并购
       　　mobile-phone banking 移动电话银行业
       　　moods 人气
       　　net potato 网虫
       　　non-store seling 直销
       　　offering 新股
       　　online-banking 网上银行业
       　　online-finance 在线金融
       　　online client (银行的)网上客户
       　　paper profit 帐面收益
       　　physical assets 有形资产
       　　project fund system 项目资本金制度
       　　pyramid sale 传销
       　　recapitalize 资产重组
       　　regional corrency blocks 地区货币集团
       　　regulate 调控
       　　sell off 变现
       　　share(stock) option 期权，股票认购权
       　　smart card 智能卡
       　　slash prices 杀价
       　　spare capacity 闲置的生产能力
       　　strong growth 强劲的增长势头
       　　switch trade 转手贸易
       　　take…public 上市
       　　tap the idle assets 盘活存量资产
       　　transaction (银行的) 交易
       　　transfer payment from the exchequer
       　　财政转移支付
       　　venture-capital 风险资本
       　　virtual bank 虚拟银行
       　　wire transfer 电子转帐

5. 金融论文英语参考文献

 20条精选金融论文英语参考文献
                    　　[1] nelson, c. r. & siegel, a. f. parsimonious modeling of yield curves [j], journal of business 1987(4): 473—489.
    
  　　[2] diebold，francis x and li, canlin..global yield curve dynamics and interactions: adynamic nelson-siegel approach[j],journal of econometrics,XX，10:351-363
  　　[3] bliss, r. r.. testing term structure estimation methods [j]. advances in futures and options research, 1997，9:197-231
  　　[4] tanner, e.，“exchange market pressures and monetary policy: asia and latin america in the 1990s” [c]5 working papers, imf,XX.
  　　[5] so, r. w., “price and volatility spillovers between interest rate and exchange value of the us dollar”[j], global finance journal,XX (1) :95-107
  　　[6] y.sahalia. testing continuous-time models of the spot interest rate [j], review of financial studies. 1996，9:385-426
  　　[7] vasicek 0,fong h g term structure modeling using exponential splines. journal of finance[j], 1982，37:339-348
  　　[8] duffle，d. and r. kan. a yield factor model of interest rates[j]，mathematical finance, 1. 1996，6: 379-406
  　　[9] ait—sahalia,y and r. kimmel. estimating affine multifactor term structure models using closed-form likelihood expansions[c] ? working paper,nber,XX.
  　　[10] engle，robert e autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimates of the variance of u. k inflation[j]. economica,1982，50:987—1008
  　　[10]chen，r.-r., and l. scott “maximum likelihood estimation for a multi-factor equilibrium model of the term structure of interest rates,”. journal of fixed income, december, 1993，12: 14-31 .
  　　[11] vasicek o. an equilibrium characterization of the term structure [j] ? journal of financial economics, 1977，5:177-188.
  　　[12] j. c. cox, j. e. ingersoll，s. a. ross. a theory of the term structure of interest rates [j]. econometrica, 1985, 53： 385-407
  　　[13] edmund m. a. kwaw and yen, resolving economic conflict between the united states and japan[m] . massachusetts institute of technolog. 1997: 189-220.
  　　[14] swanson，r.，rogoff，k.was it real the exchange rate-interest differential relation over the modern floating period[j] journal of finance, 1988，43: 359-382
  　　[15] chan, k.，chan, k.c.k karolyi, a.,intraday volatility in the stock index and stock index futures markets [j] review of financial studies 1991 (4) : 657-684.
  　　[16] kutan, j. and s. zhou，"mean reversion of interest rates in the eurocurrency market[j], oxford bulletin of economics and statistics,XX，63: 459-473.
  　　[17] park. information flows between non-deliverable forward (ndf ) and spot markets：evidence from korean currency [j]. pacific-basin finance journal，XX，9:363-377
  　　[18] roberta. michael f，exchange rate regimes in an increasingly integrated world [j]，economy，XX，34:109-132
  　　[19] prasad，e. ye. l_ the renminbi's role in the global monetary system[r], global economy and development at brookings,XX (2) : 169-185
  　　[20] nelson c r, sigel a f. parsimonious modeling of yield curve [j]. journal of business, 1987，60:473- 489.
    ;

6. 谁帮我找2篇金融类论文 要英文翻译过来的 英文 汉语对照的！！谢谢~~~发邮箱407308879@qq.com

　　关于边缘金融业务发展研究
　　摘　要: 边缘金融业务发展中存在着诸如游离于监管之外、容易引发经济纠纷、从业人员专业知识不足等问题。今后, 要以形成多元化金融体系、建立充分竞争的金融秩序为目标,促使正常边缘金融业务在合法化环境下得到充分发展; 从稳定和发展地方经济的大局出发,共同强化边缘金融业务的行业管理, 努力建设良好的金融生态环境; 按照市场要求对我国现行银行业制度进行重新安排。

　　关键词: 边缘金融业务; 金融机构; 企业

　　相对正规金融而言,那些自发于民众之间,游离于金融机构之外、游走于政策法规边缘,具有资金借贷性质的资金融通行为,称为边缘金融业务。

　　目前,边缘金融业务融资行为已经从当初的以其本人合法收入出借给另一特定方,目的是解决借款人一时的生产生活需要,演变成为以获利为目的的信用借款、担保及有价证券抵(质)押融资、动产或不动产抵押借款、企业集资、社会公众集资、高利贷等隐性借贷业务。可以肯定,边缘金融业务作为民间资金调剂的方式,对解决部分企业和居民生产生活中的资金需求起到了一定的积极作用,特别是其急、频、短的特征,弥补了金融服务的不足,一定程度上缓解了小企业融资难的压力。但边缘金融业务发展中存在着突出的问题,必须加以规范管理。

　　一、边缘金融业务迅速发展的原因

　　从企业融资角度看,边缘金融业务的存在有其客观性和体制性原因。从个人投资角度看,金融市场目前缺少有吸引力的投资品种和投资渠道,从而为边缘金融业务提供了大量资金来源。此外,国家对存款利率的管制,以及国有商业银行网点特别是县域网点的收缩撤并也推动了边缘金融业务的较快发展。

　　(一)县域个体、民营等小企业发展迅速,融资缺口较大

　　改革开放以来,我国小企业发展十分迅速,尤其是在县域和基层地区,小企业数量占全社会企业总数90%以上,产值占GDP的比重已由过去不到1%提高到目前的1 /3。但是,目前小企业贷款在全国主要银行业金融机构各项贷款中占比不高,距离小企业贷款的实际需求还有很大差距。虽说经过几年的发展,小企业已经摆脱了发展初期财务管理不正规、信息管理不透明状况,走上了规范化轨道,自我约束力不断增强,但这并没有改变有关商业银行经营管理者的印象,银行、尤其是国有商业银行贷款大客户集中的取向,使银行越来越脱离了广大小企业特别是微小企业,成为大企业的私人银行,致使小企业融资缺口起来越大,给边缘金融业务发展带来了生存空间。

　　(二)金融机构对企业和个人的融资渠道并不十分通畅

　　目前,国有商业银行经营战略在逐步面向“重点客户、重点项目、重点地区、重点产品”,并出于安全性的考虑,不但大大上收了贷款权限,还在信贷管理上实行了严格准入管理制度,股份制商业银行和地方性商业银行也存在“抓大放小”的倾向,这使得小企业、小客户贷款难度加大,而且由于大部分县域中小企业难以具备目前银行规定的贷款条件,很难提供银行贷款所需要的担保或抵质押,尽而很难得到银行、信用社的信贷支持,不得不支付高于银行利息从边缘金融业务进行融资。

　　(三)银行业信息收集过分注重硬件信息,忽视“软信息”在信贷管理中的作用,使不少具有能力和意愿的中小企业被拒之门外

　　边缘金融业务经营者非常重视借方“软信息”的收集,他们依靠人缘、地缘等关系获取相关信息,从而有效解决了借贷双方信息不对称的问题。这些“软信息”较之标准的企业“硬信息”(财务报表、抵押担保及信用纪录等) ,对正确决策的作用更大。而目前我国银行往往只注重收集企业的财务报表、抵质押情况等“硬信息”,忽视对借款人的人品、还款意愿等“软信息”的考查,导致不少有还款能力和意愿的借款人被拒之门外。同时,正在发展的中小企业由于缺乏可抵押的财产,且嫌办理有效抵押或担保的手续繁琐,收费偏高,贷款审批时间长、环节多,因而不得不考虑边缘金融业务融资。

　　(四)银行业激励与约束制度的执行标准过高、过严

　　近几年,各银行纷纷上收贷款权限,实行严格的信贷审批和考核制度,部分商业银行甚至不切实际地追求新增贷款“零风险”和“100%的收贷收息率”,片面实行“贷款责任终身追究制”。由于信贷权限上收,了解中小企业“软信息”的基层信贷员没有贷款权力,却要承担100%的收贷收息责任;而远离企业“软信息”的上级行凭企业“硬信息”决定是否贷款。其后果是信贷人员贷款越多,收回的风险就越大,导致基层银行机构慎贷、惜贷、惧贷,使得一些发展前景良好的中小企业无法获取银行贷款,不得不转向边缘金融业务市场融资。由于商业银行上收贷款权,贷款审批主体远离申请主体,从而加剧了借贷双方的信息不对称,延长了贷款审批时间。而县域中小企业贷款一般都具有时间急、频率高、数额小的特点,许多企业和个体工商户不得不求助边缘金融业务。

7. 求一篇金融相关英文文章，翻译出来要求3000字以上，最好连翻译也有

奥巴马麦凯恩激辩金融危机

据《今日美国》报道，在周二的总统辩论中，约翰－麦凯恩和巴拉克－奥巴马互相攻击，并提出了各自的应对美国金融危机的方案。
John McCain andBarack Obama exchanged blame and offered proposals to address the nation'sfinancial crisis during Tuesday's presidential debate, USA Today reported.

麦凯恩承诺对那些苦苦挣扎的房主们施以援手，而奥巴马则表示政府必须确保国家大规模救市方案按计划实施。
McCain promisedaid to struggling homeowners and Obama said the government must assure themassive federal financial rescue package works as planned.

二人辩论的主题很快便集中在经济问题上，当晚辩论主要围绕着这一话题进行。
The debate focusedimmediately on the economy and stayed on it for much of the night.

麦凯恩提议财政部有条件地买进按揭坏债，并根据目前的房价和房主们进行再次协商。
McCain called forthe Treasury Department to buy up troubled mortgages — with some conditions —and renegotiate them with homeowners at the current value of homes.

麦凯恩说：“我们都清楚，只有我们稳定了美国的家庭价值观，我们才能去创造就业机会、恢复我们的经济。
McCain said,"We all know, my friends, until we stabilize home values inAmerica,we're never going to start turning around and creating jobs and fixing oureconomy,

此外，我们还得重建对美国的信任和信心。”
and we've got toget some trust and confidence back toAmerica."

奥巴马称最近的经济低迷为“大萧条后最严重的金融危机”，他表示政府必须确保签署的金融救市方案按计划实施。
Obama called thecurrent downturn "the worst financial crisis since the GreatDepression" and said the government must assure that the financial rescuepackage signed into law worked as planned.

他说：“我相信这将是对过去8年来布什政府高调推行的失败的经济政策的最终审判，而参议员麦凯恩就是这一政策的支持者。”
"I believethis is a final verdict on the failed economic policies of the last eightyears, strongly promoted by President Bush and supported by SenatorMcCain," he said.

辩论开始前几小时，道琼斯工业平均指数又暴跌508点。辩论在一片金融阴霾中展开。
The debate beganhours after the Dow Jones industrial average tumbled another 508 points, andthe resulting financial anxiety is looming large over the debate.

麦凯恩指责奥巴马是参议院中收取房利美和联邦住宅贷款抵押公司捐款的第二大个人，而这两大公司正是目前名誉扫地的抵押贷款行业巨头。
McCain accusedObama of being the Senate's second-highest recipient of donations fromindividuals at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two now-disgraced mortgageindustry giants.

奥巴马回击称，麦凯恩竞选团队经理戴维斯在华盛顿一家政治公关公司持股，直到最近，该公司每月都从联邦住宅贷款抵押公司收到成千上万的资金。
Obama shot backthat McCain's campaign manager, Rick Davis, has a stake in a Washington lobbying firm that receivedthousands of dollars a month from Freddie Mac until recently.

路透社报道，两位候选人均誓言致力于使美国能源独立。
Both candidatesvowed to focus on making theUnited  Statesenergy independent, Reuters reported.

麦凯恩表示，核电是一项无污染能源，也将是解决气候变化的关键。他还对奥巴马进行了嘲讽。
McCain saidnuclear power was a clean source of energy that would be key to battlingclimate change and mocked Obama.

奥巴马支持发展核电，并将其作为一个大能源计划的组成部分。
And Obama said heapproved of nuclear power as one element of a broader energy plan.

美联社报道，辩论话题还涉及外交政策方面，其激烈程度不亚于经济和国内事务。
The debate alsoveered into foreign policy, and the disputes were as intense as on the economyand domestic matters, AP reported.

麦凯恩称他的对手“在伊拉克和进军问题上的观点是错误的。”
McCain said hisrival "was wrong aboutIraqand the surge.

“在俄罗斯侵略格鲁吉亚问题上，他（奥巴马）对俄罗斯的看法是错误的。”
“He was wrong about Russia when theycommitted aggression against Georgia.”

“他的职业生涯很短，他还不了解我们国家在安全问题上所面临的挑战。”
“And in his short career he does notunderstand our national security challenges.”

“而我们没有时间来进行在职培训。”
“We don't have time for on the jobtraining.”

奥巴马略带嘲讽地回击说，他确实不太了解一些事情，例如：多年来美国已经在伊拉克耗费了数千亿美元后，今后，美国要如何面对阿富汗问题的挑战。
Obama counteredwith a trace of sarcasm that he didn't understand some things — like how UScould face the challenge inAfghanistanafter spending years and hundreds of billions of dollars inIraq.

据路透社报道，辩论后哥伦比亚广播公司和美国有线新闻电视网的一项快速调查都显示奥巴马在辩论中胜出。
Two quick pollstaken immediately after the debate, by CBS News and CNN, both judged Obama thewinner, Reuters reported.

路透评论道，麦凯恩可能不会再有扭转竞选局面的机会。
McCain could berunning out of chances to recast the race, Reuters commented.

离大选只有4周的时间，两位候选人将在10月15日进行最终辩论。
With only fourweeks to go until the election, the two candidates will meet for one finaldebate on October 15.

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金融危机激增MBA申请人数


眼下的华尔街可谓哀鸿遍野，而美国各地的商学院却因此振奋不已：全日制MBA课程的申请人数在2008年激增。
Business is bad onWall Street, and business schools across the country are bracing for theimpact: A surge in applications this year to their full-time M.B.A. programs.

金融市场一片混乱，美国经济放缓，华尔街正在经受深刻的结构性变化。很多人决定，现在是回学校充电的好时候。
With financialmarkets in turmoil, the economy slowing down and Wall Street undergoing aprofound structural change, many people are deciding that now is a good time tohead back to school.

考虑迈入校门的人有些是此次金融业大裁员的牺牲品，另一些则觉得他们的饭碗即将不保。
Some would-bestudents are the victim of layoffs roiling the financial industry. Others thinktheir jobs could disappear soon.

即使目前工作还算稳定的MBA申请者也认为，利用这段时间攻读研究生文凭是个不错的选择－－因为未来几年的升迁和跳槽机会都会比较稀缺。
Even someapplicants whose jobs are currently stable are deciding that it makes sense togo for a graduate degree now: since promotions and new opportunities could behard to find in the next few year

商学院还没有关于申请人数的统计数字，因为大多数顶尖学校的第一轮招生截止日期是在10月中旬。不过，许多商学院表示，今年咨询MBA课程的人增加了很多。
Schools don't haveapplication tallies yet -- as deadlines for the first round of admissions arein mid-October for most top-tier schools -- but many already are reporting bigincreases in interest.

纽约大学斯特恩商学院称，今年参加其校外MBA推介会的人员增加了30%。
New YorkUniversity Stern School of Business reports a 30% increase in attendance atoff-site information sessions this year.

西北大学凯洛格管理学院的申请人数目前已增长22%。
NorthwesternUniversityKelloggSchoolof Management has had a 22% increase inapplications so far.

芝加哥大学工商管理研究生院表示，其网上咨询和推介会参加人数都有显著上升。
Universityof Chicago  GraduateSchool of Business says it is seeing significant increases ininquiries online and attendance at information sessions.

今年，GMAT考试的注册人数也在增加。
People are alsoregistering for the Graduate Management Admission Test in greater numbers thisyear.

美国研究生入学管理委员会位于弗吉尼亚州McLean市，成员包括165家商学院。
According to theGraduate Management Admission Council, a McLean, Va.-based membershiporganization of 165 graduate business schools,U.S.

该机构称，2008年1至9月GMAT考试的注册人数达到129,902人，比去年同期上升5.1%。
GMAT registrationvolume for the first nine months of this year totaled 129,902, up 5.1% from thesame period last year.

这些数字反映出一种与以往的经济衰退期类似的趋势。
The numbersunderscore a trend that has occurred in previous economic downturns.

商学院和经济学家说，研究生入学人数是反经济周期的，也就是说，它与经济景气程度背道而驰。
Graduateadmissions are countercyclical -- meaning that they move in the oppositedirection of the economic cycle, business schools and economists say.

由于次债风波的连锁反应，这批MBA研究生毕业时，将面对一个完全不同的华尔街，就业市场可能很不乐观。
When this year'sM.B.A. applicants graduate, they will enter a dramatically different WallStreet and potentially smaller job market that has been altered by the rippleeffects of the credit crunch.

今年即将毕业的研究生已经感受到就业市场的低迷。
This year's newlyminted graduates already encountered a tougher job market.

科尔说，在芝加哥大学，2008年毕业生中找到工作或有公司邀请加盟的人数比去年下降了约3个百分点。
At the University of Chicago, the percentage of 2008graduates that either had offers or had already accepted them dropped roughlythree percentage points from the previous year, Ms. Kole says.

一些商学院表示，由于毕业后的就业前景不确定，因此目前有稳定工作的申请者可能会放弃进入商学院的机会。
Indeed, schoolssay not knowing what the job market will look like upon graduation could detersome prospective applicants who have stable jobs from applying.

有些申请者则打算碰碰运气。
Some applicantsare taking their chances.

其他研究生院也都预计申请人数会增加。
Other graduateschools are also expecting increases in applicants.

学员们今年还要考虑另一个问题──次债危机使学生贷款很难申请。
Also a factor forstudents to consider this year: The credit crunch has roiled the market forstudent loans.

一直关注这一领域事态发展的FinAid.org负责人马克-坎特罗维兹称，2007年，有144家民间和政府教育贷款机构暂停了学生贷款。
In the past year,144 education lenders have suspended private and federal loans, according toMark Kantrowitz, publisher of FinAid.org, who has been following thedevelopments.

不过，坎特罗维兹说，商学院的学生应该可以找到贷款，因为很多贷款机构只是对本科生和成人教育学生暂停发放贷款。
Still, Mr.Kantrowitz says business-school students should be able to find loans. Manylenders, he says, have suspended loans for undergraduate and continuingeducation students but not graduate loans

对这些贷款机构来说，“研究生贷款项目是最有利可图的，因为贷款质量最高。”
For lenders,'graduate student loans are the most profitable because the loan balances arethe highest,' he says.

然而，学生要想获得私人贷款，可能需要提供更多的信用证明，而且贷款利率也会上升。
But students mayface tighter credit requirements in getting private loans and pay higherinterest rates.

8. 金融专业毕业论文的外文翻译

2
"STOCKM ARKETD EVELOPMENAT NDL ONG-RUNG ROWTH"
BYROSS LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOS
World stock markets are booming. Developing country stock markets compose a
disproportionately large amount of this growth. Over the past 10 years, world stock market
capitalization rose from $4.7 trillion to $15.2 trillion, and emerging market capitalization jumped
from less than 4 percent to almost 13 percent of total world capitalization. Similarly, over this
decade, the trading of shares on emerging stock exchanges rose from less than 3 percent to 17
percent of the total value of transactions on the world's stock exchanges. Further, Korajczyk
(1996) shows that emerging markets have become more integrated with world capital markets
during the past seven years. The blossoming of emerging stock markets has attracted the
attention of international investors. Portfolio equity flows to emerging markets jumped from
$150 million in 1984 to over $39 billion in 1995. Yet, there exists very little empirical evidence
on the relationship between stock market development and long-run economic growth.