急求一篇关于城市生活垃圾管理方面的中英文对照版外文文献,重谢

2024-05-17 07:15

1. 急求一篇关于城市生活垃圾管理方面的中英文对照版外文文献,重谢

如果你找到了合适的文献,可以把文献题目发给我,我可以下载!!!

急求一篇关于城市生活垃圾管理方面的中英文对照版外文文献,重谢

2. 跪求一篇关于胚胎方面的中英文对照文献!!!

  First Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Approved for Use Under New NIH Guidelines

  NIH Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D., today announced the approval of the first 13 human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines for use in NIH-funded research under the NIH Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research adopted in July 2009.

  "I am happy to say that we now have human embryonic stem cell lines eligible for use by our research community under our new stem cell policy," Dr. Collins said. "In accordance with the guidelines, these stem cell lines were derived from embryos that were donated under ethically sound informed consent processes. More lines are under review now, and we anticipate continuing to expand this list of responsibly derived lines eligible for NIH funding."

  Children's Hospital Boston developed 11 of the approved lines and Rockefeller University in New York City developed two of the approved lines. An additional 96 lines have been submitted to NIH for either internal administrative review or consideration by the external Working Group for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Eligibility Review and the NIH Advisory Committee to the Director (ACD), including more than 20 that will be considered by the ACD on December 4, 2009. The working group provides findings to the ACD, which makes recommendations to the NIH Director, who decides whether the hESCs may be used in NIH-funded research and lists those deemed eligible on the NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry.

  Research using hESCs is already yielding information about the complex events that occur during human development. Researchers hope that eventually cells differentiated from hESCs may be used to treat a myriad of diseases, conditions, and disabilities and to test the safety of new drugs in the laboratory.

  On March 9, 2009, President Obama issued Executive Order 13505: Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells. The executive order states that the Secretary of Health and Human Services, through the Director of NIH, may support and conduct responsible, scientifically worthy human stem cell research, including human embryonic stem cell research, to the extent permitted by law.

  The NIH Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research were published on July 7, 2009. The guidelines implement the executive order, as it pertains to extramural NIH-funded stem cell research, establish policy and procedures under which the NIH will fund such research, and help ensure that NIH-funded research in this area is ethically responsible, scientifically worthy, and conducted in accordance with applicable law.

  Children's Hospital Boston and Rockefeller University submitted information about the informed consent process for embryo donation to the NIH administrative review process, which confirms that the submissions met specific requirements regarding informed consent for embryo donation as detailed in the guidelines.

  More than 30 NIH grants funded in the 2009 fiscal year totaling more than $20 million proposed to use hESCs; these grants have been restricted until approved lines became available on the NIH registry. With today's announcement and following NIH approval, these principal investigators may obtain registry-listed hESCs, if they are appropriate for their project, from the owners of the lines and proceed with their research. This group of grants includes research using hESCs for the therapeutic regeneration of diseased or damaged heart muscle cells, developing systems for the production of neural stem cells and different types of neurons from hESCs in culture, and developing a cell culture system for the large scale production and self-renewal of hESCs.

  In addition, a number of Challenge Grant applications, which could be funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in the 2010 fiscal year, proposed to use hESCs. Researchers examining other topics that could benefit from the use of hESCs are encouraged to apply for funding using these approved lines.

  The Office of the Director, the central office at NIH, is responsible for setting policy for NIH, which includes 27 Institutes and Centers. This involves planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all NIH components. The Office of the Director also includes program offices which are responsible for stimulating specific areas of research throughout NIH.

  The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases.

  全球首例人类胚胎干细胞治疗人体试验获批准
  12 月2 日,13 株胚胎干细胞系通过美国国家卫生研究院审核,成为首批合法干细胞系。也就是说,今后由这13 株干细胞系产生的干细胞,可以安全地应用于各种医学研究中,使用者不仅不会受到伦理责难,还会得到政府基金的支持。目前,NIH 总计有2.1 亿美元的资助用于胚胎干细胞研究项目,共设31 个研究课题。这是美国自解禁干细胞研究以来最大一次行动。

  乔治·戴利在美国波士顿儿童医院拥有一所自己的实验室。12 月2 日,美国国家卫生研究院(NIH) 公布了第一批通过审核的干细胞系,13 株中有11 株来自戴利的实验室。

  干细胞系是一群干细胞的集合。以一个胚胎干细胞为基础,实验室将这枚细胞分裂增殖,生长成大量同质的胚胎干细胞,这群干细胞就是一株干细胞系。培育一株干细胞系很不容易,胚胎干细胞很容易发育成具有特殊功能的体细胞,失去干细胞特有的“全能”生长潜力。“在等待宣布名单的时候,我几乎是屏住呼吸的。的确很紧张。”名单揭晓后,戴利接受媒体采访时说,“不过,我真的很高兴,这意味着我和我的同事多年来的辛苦努力,终于获得了回报。”

  拿到胚胎干细胞系的“许可证”,这表示乔治·戴利实验室“终于可以用纳税人的钱来做干细胞研究了”,华盛顿的一家媒体评论道。在此之前,戴利在自己实验室中进行的胚胎干细胞研究,经费全由他自己负担,并且进行这些研究时,还得尽可能保持低调。

  2001 年,布什政府颁布了一道关于干细胞研究的限制令。之后,在布什执政的8 年里,无论从法律上,还是从资金上,任何有关胚胎干细胞的研究都无法获得政府支持。

  在这8 年的“冷冻期”里,虽然仍有像乔治·戴利这样的实验室,利用私人资金艰难地继续着胚胎干细胞的研究,但是美国胚胎干细胞的研究,却开始逐渐落后于欧洲和日本。今年3 月,奥巴马宣布取消布什政府的限制令。而12 月2 日首批“合法干细胞系”的宣布,则是美国自解禁后最大的一次行动。

  现在,戴利已经用这些合法的干细胞系制造出上百瓶实验用干细胞。如果别的实验室要进行胚胎干细胞研究,又无法自己培育得到,就得花钱向乔治·戴利实验室购买。不过,乔治·戴利的“垄断”地位也维持不了多久,目前还有96 株干细胞系正在等待审核,而更多的实验室,正在加紧培植新的、可用于临床的胚胎干细胞系。

  最危险的万能钥匙

  NIH 的审核相当于一次“合法性”过滤。虽然从3 月份开始,在美国进行胚胎干细胞研究已经得到政府的认可,但是奥巴马政府对干细胞研究的“放行”,却也不是全无限制的。

  一直以来,在临床医学领域,胚胎干细胞被视为最危险的万能钥匙。这些干细胞提取自人类的早期胚胎,一方面,它具有巨大潜能,能够分化、发育成不同功能的身体细胞。所以如果在实验室里广泛培育这种干细胞,就相当于建立起一座人体加工厂,如果病人有需要,这些干细胞可以很容易地被培养成各种脏器、皮肤,甚至神经。这样一来,现在的很多顽疾都可以迎刃而解,当器官发生病变,只要从干细胞“工厂”里制造出相同器官替换就可以了。

  但是这样的医疗前景也触到了人类伦理的底线。首先这样的胚胎干细胞从哪里来?从胚胎中提取干细胞会剥夺胚胎发育成生命的权利,换言之,很多反对者认为这是一种黑暗的技术,即剥夺一些“人”的生命来治疗另一些人。

  NIH 所要做的,就是严格控制这些胚胎干细胞的来源。绝不能从那些有可能发育成生命体的人类胚胎中提取干细胞,这是NIH 审核这些实验室“产品”所坚持的最基本的标准。

  所以合法的干细胞必须来自于这样的胚胎,要不是来源于那些产科医院培育失败的胚胎,这些胚胎已经确定无法长成为生命体;另外的来源是个人捐赠,实验室分别接受精子和卵子捐献,然后通过人工受精的方式培育成原始胚胎—不过后者也还有前提,捐赠者必须签署明确的同意协议,否则提取出胚胎干细胞也会被视为不合法。

  所以NIH 必须严格检测每一株实验室提交的胚胎干细胞系,只有通过他们的核准,这些干细胞系才能被当作母本,进入实验室,用于临床研究。

  “大众甲壳虫VS 法拉利”

  “人们应该开香槟庆祝,干细胞研究终于恢复到一个正常的状态。”在宣布完第一批通过审核的干细胞之后,NIH 主席弗朗西斯·克林说。

  大多数研究机构认可克林的观点。很多在布什政府期间放弃胚胎干细胞研究的实验室,现在都重新恢复研究。“大多数胚胎干细胞系都能通过审核。除了个别科学狂人外,大多实验室都会自觉使用那些不可能发育成生命的胚胎,从中提取干细胞。”宾夕法尼亚大学的再生医学研究所主任约翰·吉尔哈特说。12 月9 日,密歇根大学也接受了胚胎捐赠,准备在2010 年年中培植出一批可用的干细胞系。

  “美国的胚胎干细胞研究将进入一个新时期”,在第一批合法干细胞系产生之后,美国各大媒体纷纷断言。新培植的胚胎干细胞将全面进入相关医学实验室,取代布什政府时期实验室所用的那种旧的、不那么有效的干细胞。

  事实上,布什政府的禁令并不禁止所有和干细胞有关的研究。胚胎干细胞的功能最早由美国人发现。当布什发布禁令时,美国实验室已经拥有21 株胚胎干细胞系。禁令禁止实验室动用国家资金培殖新的人类胚胎干细胞,但是来自动物的胚胎干细胞并不在禁止之列。但是研究者最希望获得的,仍是来自于人体的胚胎干细胞。

  那些来自动物或提取自体细胞的干细胞并不那么适合临床研究,它们经常会和人类的细胞不兼容。“和人体胚胎干细胞相比,用动物或自体干细胞进行研究,就好像驾驶一辆大众甲壳虫老爷车和法拉利比赛。”国际干细胞研究协会董事会成员之一赛蒙斯说。

3. 求一篇有关网络虚拟实验室的中英文文献,要中英

论文中英对照,可能有错误,但应该不会很多。


随着计算机、网络技术的不断发展,网络虚拟实验室得到越来越多的应用。 With the computer, the continuous development of network technology, network virtual laboratory to be more and more applications. 介绍了虚拟实验室的基本特点及其体系结构,实现虚拟实验室的四种关键技术: Java、ActiveX、VRML、ASP,最后探讨了虚拟实验室开发过程当中应注意的几个问题。 Introduced the basic characteristics of virtual laboratory and its architecture, the realization of virtual laboratory four key technologies: Java, ActiveX, VRML, ASP, the last of the development process of virtual laboratory should pay attention to several problems. 关键词虚拟实验室远程教育现代教育技术迅速崛起的现代教育技术把虚拟实验引入到了实验教学中。 Key words virtual laboratory of modern educational technology distance education the rapid rise of the modern educational technology into the virtual experiment experimental teaching. 虚拟实验的应用改变了传统的教育模式,使得教与学方式发生了革命性的变化。 Application of virtual experiment to change the traditional mode of education and teaching and learning approach makes revolutionary change took place. 目前,用于实验教学的计算机虚拟实验软件非常丰富,加上高校计算机及网络资源,为虚拟实验的开设提供了必要的基础条件。 At present, for the experimental teaching of computer software, rich virtual experiment, together with the Universities computer and network resources for the creation of virtual experiments to provide the necessary basic conditions. 通过网络虚拟实验室,能够通过计算机在网络中模拟一些实验现象,它不仅仅能够提高实验教学效果,更加重要的是对一些缺乏实验条件的学生,通过网络同样能够身临其境地观察实验现象,甚至和异地的学生合作进行实验。 Through the network of virtual labs, through computer simulation in the network a number of experimental phenomena, it is not only to improve the effectiveness of experimental teaching, and more importantly, the lack of experimental conditions on some of the students, through the network to feel the same experimental phenomena observed, students in different places and even co-operation and carry out such experiments. 1 网络虚拟实验室的发展及其特点网络虚拟实验就是在WEB中创建出一个可视化的环境,其中每一个可视化的物体代表一种实验对象。 1 of the development of virtual laboratory network and the characteristics of the network is in the WEB virtual experiment to create a visual environment, a visualization of each of these objects on behalf of an experimental object. 通过鼠标的点击以及拖曳操作,用户可以进行虚拟的实验。 Through mouse clicks and drag and drop operation, users can conduct virtual experiments. 网络虚拟实验实现的基础是多媒体计算机技术与网络技术的结合。 Network virtual experiment is based on the realization of multi-media computer technology and network technology. 无论是学生还是教师,都可以自由地、无顾虑地随时进入虚拟实验室操作仪器,进行各种实验。 Whether students or teachers, are free and without hesitation to operate at any time to enter the virtual laboratory apparatus, to carry out various experiments. 为实验类课程的教学改革及远程教育提供了条件和技术支持。 Experimental curriculum reform and teaching conditions for the provision of distance education and technical support. 许多国内外从事实验室工作的研究者们在实践中还提出这样一些概念:Digital Lab、MBL(Micro-computer Based Lab),尽管这些名词不统一,但他们的实践从不同的层面实现了虚拟实验室。 Many at home and abroad to engage in laboratory work in practice, the researchers also proposed the concept of such: Digital Lab, MBL (Micro-computer Based Lab), although these terms are not uniform, but they practice at different levels from a virtual experiment Room. 1.1 印地安那州立大学的MBL化学实验室该实验室在给新生开化学实验课时用计算机来辅助做这样一些事,用计算机采集与分析实验数据,用计算机展示实验,在网上发布相关的实验指导材料。 1.1 of the Indiana State University chemical laboratory of the MBL laboratory chemistry experiments to open new classes to help with the computer do something with computer acquisition and analysis of experimental data, using computer experiments show that in the relevant online Experimental guidance material. 1.2 芝加哥伊利诺伊大学数字化有机化学实验室该实验室充分利用网络资源,在网上提供了一系列的实验教学指导:在线实验教材;实验教学时间表;实验测评方法、形式、时间;虚拟实验;相关教学资源的链接等。 1.2 University of Illinois at Chicago, the number of the laboratory of organic chemistry lab full use of network resources, the Internet has provided a series of experimental teaching guide: online experimental materials; experimental teaching timetable; experimental evaluation of methods, forms, time; virtual experiments; related to teaching Links and other resources. 他们还用计算机进行实验教学的教务管理。 They also experiment with computer teaching educational administration. 1.3 卡罗莱纳州立大学的LAAP(Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics)他们利用Java技术建立了基于Web的探索式虚拟物理实验室,主要有以下几个模块:基于Java Applet的虚拟实验设备和实验设施;相关的实验课程模块;实验学习结果评价模块;协作学习模块。 1.3 Carolina State University LAAP (Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics) using Java technology to build Web-based virtual physics laboratory to explore, mainly in the following modules: Java Applet based virtual laboratory equipment and laboratory facilities; related An experimental course module; experimental study and the results of the evaluation module; collaborative learning module. 虚拟实验室最大的优点是成本低,效率高。 Virtual Laboratory biggest advantage is low cost, high efficiency. 因为“软件即为仪器”,这样就可解决因实验经费不足或高档次、高价位设备缺乏所不能开出的实物实验,同时也不会造成因使用不当,管理不善等因素造成的仪器损坏、元器件丢失等现象。 Because "software is the instrument," and this could be the lack of funds resulting from the experimental or high-grade, high-priced equipment can not be opened by the lack of physical experiments, but also will not lead to a result of improper use caused by such factors as poor management of equipment damage, missing components and so on. 同时虚拟实验还可以模拟实验室中没有的设备,而且还可以不受时空的限制方便地进行实验。 At the same time, virtual experiments can not simulate the laboratory equipment, but also can be exempted from the restrictions of time and space to easily carry out such experiments. 另外,虚拟实验室还应具备一些基本特征:与现实的一致性(或现实的延伸)、高度交互性、实时的信息反馈。 In addition, the virtual laboratory should also have some basic features: the coherence and reality (or an extension of reality), highly interactive, real-time feedback. 2 网络虚拟实验室体系结构网络虚拟实验室应是一个集虚拟实验教学管理系统、实验课教学指导系统,网络实验仿真等为一体的功能强大的网上运行系统。 2 Network architecture of Virtual Laboratory Virtual Laboratory should be a set of virtual experiment management system for teaching, laboratory teaching guidance systems, network simulation and so on into a powerful operating system online. 各部分之间相互联系相互补充,仅具有相对独立性。 Interlinkages between the various parts of each other, only with relative independence. 开发虚拟环境,实现实验仿真应是虚拟实验室建设的核心部分。 The development of a virtual environment, the realization of experimental simulation is a virtual laboratory should be the core of the building. 图1是虚拟实验室体系结构图。 Figure 1 is a virtual laboratory system structure. 3 构建网络虚拟实验室的关键技术目前国内的虚拟实验室研究还处于萌芽阶段,国外已经有很多大学进行了这方面的研究。 3 build a network of key technology of virtual laboratory virtual current laboratory research is still in its infancy, many universities abroad have carried out studies in this area. 总结他们所使用的技术,可以看出大多可以划分下面几类: 3.1 Java技术Java是一个广泛使用的网络编程语言,它是一种新的计算概念。 Summing up their use of technology, we can see that the majority can be divided into the following categories: 3.1 Java technology is a widely used Java web programming language, it is a new computing concept. 首先,作为一种程序设计语言,它简单、不依赖于机器的结构、具有可移植性、安全性、并且提供了并发的机制、具有很高的性能。 First of all, as a programming language, it is simple, is not dependent on the structure of the machine with portability, security, and provides a mechanism for concurrency, high performance. 其次,它最大限度地利用了网络,Java的小应用程序(applet)可在网络上运行而不受CPU和环境的限制。 Secondly, to maximize the use of its network, Java applets for (applet) can be run on the network without restrictions on CPU and the environment. 另外,Java还提供了丰富的类库,使程序设计者可以很方便地建立自己的系统,这一点对于构建网上虚拟实验室系统来说也是非常关键的。 In addition, Java also provides a rich class library, so that process designers can easily build their own systems, this point for building a virtual laboratory system is also very crucial. 3.2 ActiveX控件ActiveX技术允许不同软件开发的组件在网络上可以互相进行操作。 3.2 ActiveX Controls ActiveX technology allows different software components on the network can operate with each other. Ac?鄄tiveX使用了微软的组件对象技术使得本地的组件可以和网络上的组件进行通信,使用ActiveX开发的另一个好处在于它的代码复用性,也就是说在虚拟实验室的开发过程中,一个实验仪器可以在多个实验环境中重复使用,这一点对于持续开发过程尤为重要。 Ac? Juan tiveX use of Microsoft's Component Object technology enables local and network components can be components of the communication, the development of the use of ActiveX Another advantage is that it is code reuse, that is to say in a virtual laboratory development process, an experimental device which can be the environment in a number of experiments re-use, this is particularly important in the process of sustainable development. 这种技术使得一个大的工程项目可以划分成小块的组件,也就相当于把复杂工程简单为一个个组成部分,完成了每个组成部分之后集成起来就可以得到最终的项目。 This technology enables a large project can be divided into small components, it is equivalent to the complexity of the project as a simple component, was completed after each component can be integrated into the final project. 可以开发ActiveX组件的环境有很多,其中开发效率最高和最易上手的是Visual Ba?鄄sic。 ActiveX components can be developed a lot of environment in which to develop the most efficient and most易上手is Visual Ba? Juan sic. 3.3 VRML技术VRML是虚拟实境描述模型语言(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) 的简称。 3.3 VRML technology is VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) the short title. 它是描述虚拟环境中场景的一种标准,也是在网上实现虚拟现实的关键性技术。 It is described in a virtual environment of a standard scene, but also the Internet to achieve the key technologies of virtual reality. VRML的基本特征包括分布式、交互式、平台无关、三维、多媒体集成、逼真自然等,被成为“第二代WEB”,已经被越来越多的人们所重视。 The basic feature of VRML, including distributed, interactive, platform-independent, three-dimensional, multi-media integration, life-like nature, was a "second-generation WEB", has been more and more people paying attention to. 国际标准化组织1998年1月正式将其批准为国际标准。 International Organization for Standardization in January 1998 officially approved as international standards. VRML是一种建模语言,其基本目标是建立Internet上的交互式三维多媒体,也就是说,它是用来描述三维物体及其行为的,可以构建虚拟境界。 VRML is a modeling language, its basic goal is to establish a three-dimensional Internet, interactive multimedia, in other words, it is used to describe the three-dimensional objects and their behavior, you can build a virtual realm. 用VRML实现与Internet虚拟现实交互有下面几个好处:丰富了媒体表现形式、协同工作角色的可视化管理、改善了协同环境的用户界面、增强了协同环境的交互性。 With the Internet using VRML interactive virtual reality has the following advantages: rich media manifestations, the role of the visual work of management, to improve the collaborative environment of the user interface, enhanced interactive collaborative environment. 可见,将VRML融合到网上虚拟实验室的开发过程中,既可以增强表现力和用户的接受力,又可以实现较好的协同工作虚拟化环境。 Can be seen that the VRML into the development of online virtual laboratory process, can enhance performance and user acceptance, but also work together to achieve a better virtual environment. 3.4 ASP技术ASP(Active Server Pages,动态服务器端网页),内含在Internet Information Server 3.0及其以上版本中,提供一个服务器端的脚本环境,用于产生和执行动态、高效率的网络服务器应用程序。 3.4 ASP technology ASP (Active Server Pages, Dynamic server-side page), including in the Internet Information Server 3.0 and above versions, to provide a server-side scripting environment for the generation and implementation of dynamic and efficient web server applications. ASP不只是动态的网页,它更是当今众多的Web应用程序实作方式之一,它负责整个Web应用程序的控制部分。 ASP pages not only dynamic, it is today a large number of Web applications is one of the ways to make, which is responsible for the entire Web application control part. ASP提供五个内建的对象供使用者调用,即Re?鄄quest对象(取得用户信息)、Response对象(传送信息给用户)、Server对象(提供访问服务器的方法、属性)、Application对象(用于多个使用者在多个网页间共享信息)和Session对象(用于单个使用者在多个网页间共享信息)。 ASP provides a total of five built-in objects for users to call, that is, Re? Juan quest object (to obtain user information), Response object (to send information to the user), Server object (the server to provide access methods, properties), Application object (with in a variety of users to share information between multiple pages) and the Session object (for individual users to share information between multiple pages). 4 网络虚拟实验室开发过程当中应注意的几个问题计算机软件技术发展到今天,为虚拟实验室开发提供了极大的方便。 4 virtual laboratory network development process should pay attention to several issues of the development of computer software technology to today, for the development of virtual laboratory provides great convenience. 目前开发所需的系统软件或工具均支持面向对象的程序设计。 At present, the development of the necessary system software or tools to support object-oriented programming. 它们都有事件驱动的支持,消息循环的程序设计方法及多媒体操作技术。 They have the support of event-driven news cycle of programming and multimedia skills. 在开发过程当中要注意以下几个问题:事件触发时机的选择,实际操作当中某个按钮按下后并不立即反映,需要延时回应,外部接口的输入信号或其它信息往往是定时触发或随机触发的事件,若为随机触发的事件则可用一定时限内的随机数来取代固定时间。 In the development process should pay attention to the following questions: Event trigger timing, the actual operation of them after a button press does not immediately reflect the need to delay response to the external interface of the input signal or other information from time to time is often triggered or random trigger events, if the random trigger events are available for a certain period of time the random number to replace the fixed time. 事件联锁关系或动态顺序关系可以存放在一张数据库表中描述,修改方便。 Interlocking relationship between events or dynamic order can be stored in a database table is described, modify convenience. 给定相应的条件、控制范围,自动形成数据表,使数据和程序独立。 Given the appropriate conditions, control, data tables automatically, so that an independent data and programs. 模拟声音,要使实验达到逼真,除了模拟控制台实物景象,还要模拟它们实验环境中的各种声音,如汽笛声、按钮按动声、内部机械动作声等。 Analog voice, to achieve the realistic experiment, in addition to the physical simulation of the console scene, but also simulation of their experimental sounds in the environment, such as the whistle sound, the sound button pressed, the internal mechanical action, such as sound. 这样,才能使学生在实验室有身临其境的感觉,全身心地投入学习。 In this way can help students in the laboratory are immersive feeling, to fully participate in the study. 模拟台面各种动作的结果,台面上每个控件的动作都会触发一定的事件。 Simulation results of the table a variety of movements, control the movements of each table will trigger a certain event. 这些事件在实物设备中是靠机械、电子电路等去完成,而现在将这些机械及电子逻辑关系使用计算机软件实现。 These events in the physical devices by mechanical, electronic circuits, such as to complete, and now to the relationship between mechanical and electronic logic using computer software. 故障发生器,在实际工作中除了设备正常情况下的操作,还有各种意外情况,如某些设备故障的情况。 Fault generator, in practical work in addition to equipment operation under normal circumstances, there are a variety of unforeseen circumstances, such as the failure of some equipment. 此时,要求在虚拟系统中也能模拟手柄失灵、仪表信号不显示及自然灾害发生的情况等,即给实验增加一些难度,强化学生实际操作能力。 At this point, the request in a virtual simulation system can also handle failures, instrument signals and do not show the case of natural disasters and so on, that is, to increase the difficulty of the experiment, the actual operation to strengthen the capacity of students. 5 结束语虚拟实验技术在实验教学中具有广阔的应用、发展前景,随着虚拟实验的普及,其优越性会被越来越多的人认识。 5 Conclusion virtual experiment in teaching experiments have broad applications, development prospects, with the popularity of virtual experiments, and its advantages will be more and more people are aware of. 但要使虚拟实验技术真正得到推广应用,关键还是观念的改变,首先是教师观念的改变,除了具有创新精神和能力外,还应有一个科学的投资理念,在实验室建设和发展中,充分考虑投资效益,建设现代化的实验室。 But for the virtual experiment really promote the use of technology, the key is to change the concept, first of all, the concept of change in teachers, in addition to the spirit of innovation and capacity, there should be a scientific concept of investment, construction and development in the laboratory, the full consider the investment returns and building a modern laboratory. 其次要培养一支高素质的实验队伍,不断地进行知识更新,加强学习,重视信息的收集、加工、应用,了解掌握最新技术,促进实验教学发展。 Second, we must cultivate a high-quality experimental team, continually update their knowledge to enhance learning, importance of information collection, processing, application, understand the latest technology, and promote the development of experimental teaching. 虚拟实验的应用和发展,加快了实验室发展和实验教学改革,促进了教育观念的改变。 Application of the virtual experiment and development, to accelerate the development and experimental laboratory teaching reform, the promotion of education to change attitudes. 是培养创新人才的新的实验手段。 Is to train innovative talents of the new experimental tools. 虚拟实验在21世纪实验教学中必将占有重要地位,无疑会起到很大的作用。 Virtual experiment experimental teaching in the 21st century will certainly occupy an important position, will undoubtedly play a significant role.

求一篇有关网络虚拟实验室的中英文文献,要中英

4. 跪求一篇有关机械类的英文文献,最好不要太长,要中英文对照

You will learn about the effect of mold cooling, position of cooling channel, and cooling method for each part.

The temperature of a mold has a great impact on molding.
For example, if the temperature of the mold is too low, molten plastic will not flow smoothly through the runner or the gate, thus may not fill up in the cavity.
On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, it will take too long to cool down and solidify the molten plastic, so the molding cycle will be longer.
Therefore, by controlling the temperature of the mold, the following effects can be expected. 

Molding cycle can be shortened by reducing time for cooling and solidification of molten plastic. 
The surface quality or measurement accuracy of parts can be improved by better mold ability. 
Warp or stress in a part can be avoided that is caused when mold shrinkage varies due to different thickness, leading internal stress difference. 

Effective mold cooling is done by pouring cold water into the mold through a cooling channel.

5. 谁能帮我翻译下,另求篇关于不同股市相关性研究的外文文献(5000字)最好中英文都带

在十多年的短暂发展进程中,我国证券市场从无到有,从起步阶段的5只上市股票到1550家公司挂牌交易,我国证券市场取得了辉煌的成就。在这发展过程中形成了沪深两个独立管理,互相竞争的市场,但是它们有着相似的结构和监管环境使得两个市场的股票收益率和波动性之间具有相互作用和影响.为了分散风险,提高收益,对沪深两个金融市场进行相关性研究就显的很有必要。本文以相关理论为基础,应用GRACH—M模型,格兰杰因果关系检验等计量分析方法对沪深股市波动的相关性进行实证分析。结果显示两市日收益率具有显著相关性,且两个市场的波动存在非对称波动溢出现象,深市波动对沪市波动的影响显著大于沪市波动对深市的影响。
关键词:日收益率 波动 GRACH—M模型 格兰杰因果关系检验   In 10 short years of the development process, China's securities market from scratch, from the initial stage of the five listed stocks to 1,550 companies listed on China's securities market has made brilliant achievements. In this process of development in Shanghai and Shenzhen has formed two independent management, competitive market, but they have a similar structure and regulatory environment makes the stock market rate of return and volatility of and interaction between the effects. In order to spread the risks To raise revenue, the financial markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen two related studies on the very significant need. Based on the basis of relevant theories, application GRACH-M model, the Granger Causality Test, and other measures analysis of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock market fluctuations related to empirical analysis. The results showed that the two cities on the yield of significant correlation, and the existence of two market fluctuations asymmetric volatility spillover phenomenon, in Shenzhen on the Shanghai stock market volatility fluctuations in the Shanghai stock market volatility was significantly larger than the impact of Shenzhen. 
Key words: the yield fluctuations GRACH-M model Granger causality test

谁能帮我翻译下,另求篇关于不同股市相关性研究的外文文献(5000字)最好中英文都带

6. 求助!急求一篇中英文对照的关于农村社区的外文文献!!!在线等!!! 速度快的话还可以加分!!!!

推荐到OA图书馆试试,
输入英文关键词即可。

翻译得自己或者找人付费了。

7. 求免费医学文献的网站,要中英文的都有的那种

OA图书馆中英文医学文献都有,可以免费下载。

不过不是中英文对照的,因为不会有人同时发表中英文相同的期刊,那样属于一稿多投了。

求免费医学文献的网站,要中英文的都有的那种

8. 虔诚求一篇有关注塑模具的中英文对照5000字左右文献,小女子多谢了。

我有一篇是自己毕业要用的?要不?
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