莫里斯·阿莱斯的著作点击

1. 莫里斯·阿莱斯的著作点击

莫里斯·阿莱一生著述颇多，除获得1988年第20届诺贝尔经济学奖的代表作《市场规律研究》和《经济与利息》（1947）外，还有：《微观经济学研究》（1943）；《欧洲一体化：通向富裕之路》（1959）；《资本税与货币改革》（1977）；《预期效用假设与阿莱悖论：关于不确定性条件下合理决策的讲座及阿莱的答辩》（1979，与哈根合著）；《资本在经济发展中的作用》（1965）；《增长与通货膨胀》（1969）；《一般经济均衡理论与最大效益：当前的困境与新的展望》（1971）；《健忘与兴趣》（1972）和《市场经济的货币条件》（1987）等。   [ENGLISH]KUNGL. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCESThe Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 1988 Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to Professor Maurice Allais, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, France,for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources.One of the principal tasks of basic research in economics is to formulate a rigorous model of equilibrium in markets and examine the efficiency of this equilibrium. The problem dates back to Adam Smith and his theory of the invisible hand which coordinates - to all appearances - a chaotic structure comprised of a multitude of independent and individual decisions based on self-interest. Paradoxically, this chaos gives rise to coordinated equilibria based on market prices. Firms' production decisions will correspond to consumers' planned consumption.Adam Smith formulated his theory in the verbal and somewhat expository manner that was common in the social sciences during the latter part of the 18th century. About a hundred years later, other scholars tried to reformulate Smith's basic problems in mathematical terms. As a result, modern price theory as it emerged in the late 19th century, differed radically from previous conceptions of just prices or prices based exclusively on production costs for labor.The missing link in the development of a more rigorous theory was provided in the 1870s by the French economist Léon Walras. He formulated his model ot the economic system as a large system of equations which described individuals' demand for goods and services and their supply of labor and other productive input along with firms' supply of goods and their demand for various factors of production. A set of prices which gave rise to equilibrium between supply and demand could, in fact, be regarded as a solution to this extremely large and complex system of equations. Later on, Walras's model was developed further by, among others, the Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto. The Swedish economist Gustav Cassel formulated a somewhat simplified version which had a significant impact internationally.The foremost contribution of Maurice Allais was made in the 1940s when he continued to develop Walras's and Pareto's work by providing increasingly rigorous mathematical formulations of market equilibrium and the efficiency properties of markets. On the basis of mathematical models of households' and firms' planning and choice, he introduced a very general formulation of the conditions for market equilibrium. Allais's two pioneering works are A la Recherche d'une Discipline Economique, published during the war in 1943, and Economie et Interet, 1947. A second edition of the first book appeared in 1952 as Traite d'Economie Pure. Each of these studies was extensive; the first comprised about 900 pages and the second approximately 800.Traite d'Economie Pure contains a general and rigorous formulation of the two basic propositions of welfare theory. An economic situation with equilibrium prices is socially efficient in the sense that no one can become better off without someone else becoming worse off. In addition, under certain reasonable conditions, each such socially efficient situation can be achieved through redistribution of initial resources and a system of equilibrium prices. These propositions are important not only as results of basic research, but also as guidelines for planning in e.g., the public sector by means of prices (instead of direct regulation). Allais also formulated a generalization which covers the case where various kinds of returns to scale may give rise to natural monopolies. Through his analysis of market equilibrium and social efficiency, Allais laid the foundations for the school of postwar French economists who not only analyzed the conditions for efficient use of resources in large public monopolies (such as Electricité de France or SNCF, the state-owned railroad), but also in many instances applied the theory to business management.Allais's two monumental works also contain many results which represent very early contributions in areas that were not explored until much later on. He used new mathematical methods to analyze the stability of equilibria, i.e., the conditions under which an economy - after a disturbance - will return to equilibrium through price formation. In his 1948 study, Allais anticipated important results in research which led to the modern theory of economic growth in the late 1950s and early 1960s.Allais's distinguished contribution may, to some extent, be regarded as a parallel to two important works published around the same time in the Anglo-Saxon research community: Value and Capital (1939) by Sir John Hicks, and Foundations of Economic Analvsis (1947) by Paul A. Samuelson. Hicks was awarded the Nobel memorial prize in economic sciences in 1972 and Samuelson in 1970. The similarity lies primarily in the objective of providing a comprehensive and rigorous interpretation of economic theory. The main difference is perhaps that Allais's formulation is more general and includes an analysis of, e.g. households' and firms' long-run (or intertemporal) planning. The work of Allais served as a basis for the analysis of market equilibrium and social efficiency using more advanced mathematical methods carried out by his pupil, Gerard Debreu (laureate in 1983), concurrently, and sometimes in collaboration with, Kenneth Arrow (laureate in 1972).Allais's outstanding achievements may be characterized as basic research in economics. By his links to an older French tradition in economic research, Maurice Allais is the most prominent figure in modern economic research in France as regards basic theory and applications to public-sector planning. Even though his fundamental research has been relatively little known beyond the French-speaking sphere, Allais has had a far-reaching indirect impact through younger French economists who have been strongly influenced by his work.Maurice Allais has also made distinguished, pioneering and often highly original contributions in other areas of economic research. At an early stage, he carried out theoretical and empirical studies on the significance and determinants of the volume of money. He was thus an initiator of monetary macrodynamic analyses. Outside of a rather small circle of economists, he is perhaps best known for his studies of risk theory and the so-called Allais paradox. He has shown that the theory of maximization of expected utility, which has been accepted for more than forty years, does not apply to many empirically realistic decisions under risk and uncertainty.During the past two decades, Allais has tried to generalize market theory by emphasizing its dynamic aspects. The impetus for consumers' and producers' economic behavior consists of efforts to use any surpluses that may arise in an economy through previously unexploited exchange opportunities. Equilibrium is reached when these surpluses have been exhausted. Allais summarized many of his early and more recent research contributions in La Theorie Générale des Surplus (1981).The sum ot Allais's productive achievements in economic theory is considerable. Moreover, he has carried out various applied studies in, e.g., operations research and has participated extensively in debates in the French press. Alongside his accomplishments as an economist, Allais has published studies in history and physics, particularly geophysics.

2. 莫里斯·阿莱斯的基本资料

姓名：莫里斯·阿莱斯性别：男出生年月:1911年生籍贯：法国第二十届获奖者莫里斯·阿莱——市场理论和最大效率理论的杰出贡献者

3. 莫里斯·阿莱斯的莫里斯·阿莱经历

  在学生时代，莫里斯·阿莱经历了1929～1933年的世界经济危机和接踵而来的经济萧条时期。基于对1929年大危机造成社会大灾难的愤怒和解决社会经济问题的热情，他立志为市场经济中出现的若干问题找到解决办法，并贡献自己毕生的精力。由于具有工程学的背景，阿莱自学了经济学，并把数学的严密性引进到当时几乎没有定量分析的法国经济学派中。大学毕业后，莫里斯·阿莱当上了矿业工程师。他决定发挥自己所学之专长，先从矿业角度搞微观经济分析，然后逐步扩大自己的经济研究领域。1943年，莫里斯·阿莱出版了第一部经济学专著《微观经济学研究》（两卷），初步展示了他杰出的研究才能。1944年，莫里斯·阿莱才33岁，便成了巴黎国家高级矿业学院矿业经济分析的著名教授，并担任法国经济与社会研究中心主任。接着，莫里斯·阿莱在学术界的地位蒸蒸日上，担任的职务越来越多且越重要：1946年任巴黎国家高级矿业学院院长和法国全国科学研究中心经济分析中心主任；1947年任巴黎大学统计研究所理论经济学教授；1954年任法国全国科学研究中心主管研究工作的主任；1958～1959年任弗吉尼亚大学经济学客座教授；1967～1970年，他是瑞士日内瓦国际问题研究生院的教授；自1970年后，他担任了巴黎大学克莱芒-朱格拉高级货币分析研究室主任。阿莱曾服兵役一年。退伍以后，1940年7月他回到南茨仍然做矿业机关的负责人。1943年1月至1948年4月，他成为巴黎的矿业文献和统计局局长。莫里斯·阿莱毕生致力于市场经济的潜心研究和经济学的教学工作。他在巴黎第十大学金融分析中心从事研究工作直至1980年退休。退休后，他一直坚持经济学的教学工作。1988年获得诺贝尔经济学奖时，他虽已77岁，但身体健康，精力充沛，仍在巴黎国家高级矿业学院讲授《金融行情分析基础理论》。阿莱“因为市场理论和最大效率理论方面”对经济学所做出的贡献，获得1988年诺贝尔经济学奖。他是第一个获诺贝尔经济学奖的法国学者。

4. 莫里斯·阿莱斯的介绍

莫里斯·阿莱斯，1911年5月31日生于法国巴黎，1931年进入巴黎工学院。1933年，阿莱以全班第一名的成绩毕业于巴黎工学院。之后进入巴黎国家高级矿业学院学习工程学，并于1937年在国家矿产与采矿部开始了他的工程师生涯。